TOPIC: BATS
LEVEL: Beginner

"Echolocation"


[ information | preparation | activity | curriculum | literature ]

SCIENCE CONCEPT:

Bats are the only known flying mammal that as it flies can emit sounds to locate his prey or judge distance of a fixed object. His internal sense of "hearing" allows him to receive a sound picture back of where to locate the object or prey.

STUDENT OBJECTIVE:

The students will simulate the sonar method of echolocation that a bat uses by playing a game with other students solely using sound** as a locator.

**adaptation available for hearing impaired students

OVERVIEW:

Students will explore how bats use the sense of echolocation in a game version of "Marco Polo" by sending out sound signals to find the other players simulating bats and insects accordingly.

TEACHER TEXT:

Similar to insects and birds, strong muscles provide powerful wing strokes that aid flight. Unlike insects and birds, many bats rely on echolocation to fly and hunt for food. Echolocation works like the radar or sonar in planes or ships. A bat hears the echoes and its brain works out a sound picture of the object. It can tell if the object is prey or part of the landscape.

While most humans are unable to hear the ultrasonic beeps of bats, some children can. Some moths can hear the ultrasonic pulses of bats and will change their flight path or drop to the ground in order to evade capture. Others, like the Tiger moth, will click back to resemble ultrasonic bat calls to confuse bats into thinking they are another bat.


PREPARATION TIME: 5 minutes

LESSON TIME: 25 minutes

TEACHER PREP:

Locate large area for class to play the game in.

WORDS TO KNOW:

MATERIALS NEEDED:


STEPS TO FOLLOW:

1. Choose a child to be the "bat". Blindfold the child.
2. The rest of the group will play the role of "insects " (bat food). They will spread out randomly around the bat within the designated boundaries (approx. basketball court size).
3. Bat calls out "Beep, Beep"..
4. The insects respond "Buzz, Buzz " while they walk around the area.
5. The bat continues to call out and the insects continue to respond while changing positions.
6. Bat tries to tag an "insect" by listening for the sound they make and moving in the direction of that sound.
7. A tagged "insect" must go sit in the " bat cave " (designated area) until the next round.
8. The last person tagged becomes the new "bat".

***Special Note: Adaptation for Hearing Impaired Students:
"Bat" and "insects" stomp or tap on the floor to produce vibrations to locate each other.

WHY?:

The bat sends out sonar waves. The waves bounce off an object, and travels back to the bats. The bat's internal sense of hearing picks up the "sound" and the bat can sense the location of an object.

ASSESSMENT: Can the student communicate what they observed?

4....Student is able to communicate that the bat sends out signals to find his prey and receives a "sound" picture back to locate either prey or an object.

3....Student is able to communicate that the bats sends out signals to find food, prey or an object and get sounds back.

2....Student is able to communicate that bats send signals out to find their food.

1....Student is only able to communicate that bats make sounds.


CURRICULUM LINK IDEAS:

MATH:
Measurement: Since bats can fly and/or "hear" over long distances, have students graph the differences between the 2 measurements. Be sure to introduce linear measurement beforehand(such as feet, yards, miles, etc.)
Graph wingspan differences in bats. Fact: The world's approximately 1,000 species of bats have wingspans which vary from less than one inch to six feet, when measured from tip to tip.
How many objects can you pack in a square foot?: Allow students in cooperative groups to explore the possibilities of what and how many objects could be placed within a square foot-begin with school items such as a pencil or a science book and then analyze the following science fact: Bats sleeping in a cave fold their wings tightly against their bodies. As many as 300 bats can pack themelves into one square foot of space!
Timeline: Create a timeline of a bat's life by using reference books for information regarding lifespan, mating, reproduction cycle,etc. Use long sheets of shelf paper or heavy twine knotted every few inches to represent a certain number of months or years.

LANGUAGE ARTS:
Picture Dictionary: In order to help the student to develop an understanding of words with more than one meaning, try the following activity. Make a picture dictionary with your class. Write each word on a sheet of paper. Then have the students write sentences and draw pictures to show the different meanings of the word. Finally, put the pages together to make a book.
Noun Tree: Create a Noun Tree as a class project. On a big sheet of paper, draw a tree with branches. List nouns. Draw and cut out bat shapes. Hang each shape on the tree. Write the nouns on the trunk or on the bat shapes.
Penmanship: Trace and copy lower case "b" in cursive. Then, as the culminating activity, write the whole word, "bat", in cursive. This can also be done for printing, as well.

SOCIAL STUDIES:
"Stella Luna " (by Janell Cannon)Story: After reading and discussing the book, "Stella Luna" by Janell Cannon, point out the habits or traditions that Stella ( A bat) taught his bird friends and what they taught him. Discuss the concept of sharing ideas and customs and how one way of doing an activity or following a holiday custom is not better than another- just different for different needs. Demonstrate other examples of sharing multiculturally in today's society.
Bat Nook: Have a &qout; real world &qout; reading corner-magazines (grownup's & children's),newspapers, atlases and reference books that all contain info either related to bats or uses of sonar or radar in other fields.
Mapping: Using a U.S. map, color in the areas where bats are more densely found. Create a population legend using similar colors. Analyze which states are more densely populated with bats.
Mapping: "Around the World". Create a legend using colors for the various types of bats found around the world. Then color code the various continents showing where the different types of bats are located generally.
Legends & Folklore: Discuss the different cultures that either honored or abhorred the bat and its habits via folktale or legend. Make a "Pro & Con " list of countries and graph accordingly on a world map.

VISUAL/ PERFORMING ARTS:
Popcicle Puppets: Color bat pictures. Cut out the desired shapes and glue back to back at the top of popsicle stick.
Hanging Bats: Trace a bat along a folded edge of black construction paper, then cut and attach string to create a hanging bat.
Dioramas: Create and build the proper environment for a bat and attach a paper or toy version of a bat inside the diorama. Label the top of the diorama with facts learned about bats.
Movie Ideas: "Batman" and "Batman ForEver" ( Warner Brothers Co.) all contain similar plot lines of a reclusive millionaire who goes into action from his batcave to become a nocturnal superhero to fight villains and crime in general. Slight science correlation in the sense of the bat's nocturnal lifestyle and design of Batman's cape. ("Batman Returns" is not suggested for class viewing due to its dark, disturbing theme and high level of bloodiness.)

PHYSICAL EDUCATION:
Baton Relay Race: Students race from point to point passing on a baton to their next team member. Fact: Insect-eating bats hunt with ruthless accuracy. They use their wings to scoop mosquitos, gnats and other flying insects into their mouths, then eat their meals while in flight.
Marshmallow Eating Relay Race: A variation of the baton- relay race in which a student runs an entire length of the race but must stop and pick up a miniature marshmallow from a food container (bowl or plate) at 3 different points, pops it into his mouth and continues running to the final point.
NightTime/Daytime Race: A variation of the Red Light/Green Light game in which one student turns his back on a line of remaining students and says "NightTime" for "go" and to stop classmates from continuing (running forward) says "Daytime". Discuss with class that bats are more active in the nighttime due to their being a nocturnal creature. So, in this game, the "bats" (students) are "flying"only during the "nighttime" and must stop during the "daytime".

LITERATURE LINKS:

America's Neighborhood Bats: Understanding and Learning to Live in Harmony with Them
Author: Merlin D.Tuttle
Publisher: Texas: University of Texas, 1988.
Grade Level: 9-12
Synopsis:
Bats and misconceptions about them are discussed in this book that icludes information about their behaviors, feeding habits, and diseases. Beautiful photographs included.

Bats
Author: Sylvia Johnson
Publisher: Lerner, 1985
Grade Level: 3-9
Synopsis:
Enchanting pictures illustrate the varieties, characteristics and behaviors of bats and their young. Also discussed are their contributions to the environment and recommendations for their protection.

Large as Life Animals in Beautiful Life-Size Paintings
Author: Joanna Cole
Publisher: Knopf, 1990
Grade Level: K-6
Synopsis:
Life size pictures of small diurnal and nocturnal animals accompany brief text describing each creature. The color illustrations are exquisitely detailed.

Wings
Author: Nick Bantock
Publisher: Los Angeles,CA:Random House,1991
Grade Level: K-6
Synopsis:
A spectacular 3 dimensional pop-up book that introduces young readers to the mysteries of flight and how wings really work on everything from bats to jets.

Stella Luna
Author: Janell Cannon
Publisher: San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace & Co,1993
Grade Level: ???
Synopsis:
After falling headfirst into a bird's nest, a baby bat is raised like a bird until she is reunited with her mother.